Concepts of Botany Algae (PDF 21P) This note contains explanation of algae, structure of alage and its classification. The contents of this documents are Dichotomous Key to Freshwater Algae, Groups of Cyanobacteria & Algae, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Brown, Golden brown, and Yellow brown Algae and Glaucophytes. Colonial, pseudofilamentous, and filamentous forms of freshwater algae. Merismopedia sp. (coccoid cyanobacterium), a colony of numerous cells arranged in rectangular rows within a flattened colony. Study area description. The United Republic of Tanzania lies within 1–12 °S and 29–40 °E. Tanzania is blessed with a range of natural resources, for example, 6.4% of the country's area is water bodies (Lake Victoria in the North, Tanganyika to the west and Nyasa (Lake Malawi) to the south-west) and to the east lies the Indian Ocean (Basalirwa et al., 1999). Algae (or alga, singularly), belonging to the kingdom Protista, are largely aquatic organisms that are typically fully photosynthetic but differ from plants in that they lack true roots, stems, leaves, and gametes (the male and female parts of plants). Despite their infrequent use by state monitor-ing agencies, algae (especially diatoms) are valuable indicators of stream ecosystem condi-tions because they: 1) are relatively simple to collect, 2.
Algae (or alga, singularly), belonging to the kingdom Protista, are largely aquatic organisms that are typically fully photosynthetic but differ from plants in that they lack true roots, stems, leaves, and gametes (the male and female parts of plants). Algae can vary in size from less than two micrometers (in the case of micromonas, a species of green algae) to over 200 feet tall (in the case of some species of giant sea kelps)!
In total, there are eight main groups of algae: blue-green algae (also known as cyanobacteria), diatoms, chlorophyta (or green algae), euglenophyta, dinoflagellate, chrysophyta (commonly called golden algae), phaeophyta (often known as brown algae), and rhodophyta (or red algae). Among these, alga also comes in two forms: planktonic and filamentous (or string). Cgm viewer for mac.
Why Is Identifying Algae Important?
Knowing the type of alga that is present in your pond is exceptionally important. For example, the presence of cyanobacteria usually indicates stagnant waters with low dissolved oxygen levels and too many nutrients (most likely from fertilizer run-off), while green algae generally indicates good (or at least acceptable) water quality. Diatoms are naturally present in virtually every body of water, from the vast ocean to your little pond to moisture that has collected on a leaf, and are truly incredible microscopic organisms that are responsible for producing more oxygen than all of Earth’s rainforests combined. In fact, it is estimated that 25%-40% of our oxygen is manufactured by diatoms, or as much as every third breath that we breathe!
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However, it is important to note that too much of any type of algae (with the exception of diatoms!) can be harmful, as they may lead to algal blooms and fish deaths. This is why identifying what algae is present in your pond, and taking appropriate steps to control it’s growth when necessary, makes up an important aspect of good pond and fish keeping.
Pond Algae Identification – Which Algae Is That?
Diablo 3 best way to farm forgotten souls. Dolphin mac download. Within the 8 main groups (phyla) mentioned above are dozens of smaller groups encompassing more than one million species of algae – here we will simply discuss the groups that are most common in garden ponds and lakes, with pictures to help with identification:
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1) Green Water Algae
Green algae, belonging to the family chlorophyta, is the most diverse group of algae encompassing over 7,000 species. These algae are present in most healthy pond and lake ecosystems, as they are at the base of the food web. Their chloroplasts contain both chlorophyll A and B, accounting for their typical bright green coloration, though they may also be various hues of yellow. In addition to providing food for a variety of creatures from fish to insects to waterfowl, green algae are also primary producers, generating oxygen and energy/nutrients that are then utilized by organisms that are unable to produce their own. Conversely, as previously mentioned, too much green algae (often as a result of nutrient-rich water) can result in eutrophication, ultimately resulting in depleted oxygen levels and the death of your pond’s inhabitants, especially in warmer summer months months. It’s important to control the spread of green water algae before it gets to this point, with the most effective treatments being UV clarification, water dyes, and good filtration and maintenance.
As indicated by its name, cyanobacteria, while commonly referred to as blue-green algae, is not a true algae but rather a type of bacteria that looks deceivingly similar to algae. They prefer shallow, warm, still water that is rich in nutrients…in other words, they thrive in unhealthy, low quality aquatic ecosystems! They typically form dense, scum-like floating mats on the water’s surface and can range in color from the characteristic blue-green to green, yellow, purple, or brown. If your pond or lake has a strong, unpleasant odor and algae-like mats that are viscous and slimy, you likely have a cyanobacteria bloom. Another way to determine whether you have an overabundance of cyanobacteria (the presence of some cyanobacteria is normal and not harmful) is to conduct a water quality test – poor water quality with low oxygen and high nitrogen levels are a decent indicator of cyanobacteria presence, particularly if accompanied by a foul smell and dead or dying/unhealthy fish. When testing your water, be sure to wear protective clothing such as rubber gloves and waders – cyanobacteria contain various toxins that are harmful if touched or ingested. Different types of cyanobacteria present different health hazards, so be sure to minimize your exposure and thoroughly clean yourself and your clothing if you come into contact with any.
When their numbers aren’t out of control, cyanobacteria do have some ecological benefits: some species of fungi and lichen have formed a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, allowing it to live in their roots where the bacteria help to fix nitrogen into a form that is usable by the plant or fungus. Cyanobacteria is also present in many soils, where they also aid in nitrogen fixation that is essential for proper ecosystem functioning. In addition, the chloroplasts of modern plants (the part a plant’s cells that conducts photosynthesis and produces food for the plant) actually developed from ancestral cyanobacteria! Plant chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria hundreds of millions of years ago via endosymbiosis, a process that entails one organism living within another in such a way that both organisms benefit while adapting and evolving together over time. With this in mind, plant life as we know it would not exist were it not for cyanobacteria – so it’s certainly not all bad!
String algae, also called filamentous algae, are single-celled organisms that link together to form – you guessed it! – long strings that in turn intertwine and form mats. Still water, plenty of sunlight, and the proper concoction of nutrients give rise to this algae, which starts off forming on rocks and substrate at the bottom of the water and then rises to the water’s surface as it links together, grows, and oxygen bubbles collect within the hair-like fibers, creating buoyancy. Belonging to the chlorophyta family and therefore a variety of green algae, string algae are most commonly green but can also be shades of yellow or brown. Some familiar filamentous algae species are blanketweed or watersilk (spirogyra), horsehair algae (pithophora), and cotton algae (cladophora). Yuri revenge the royal mod free download.
Like most types of green algae, string algae are an essential food source for young fish, waterfowl, and aquatic insects, and also generate oxygen. Their propensity to colonize into mats can create issues such as clogging water filters and pumps, blocking sunlight, consuming dissolved oxygen, generating ammonia (and then converting that into potentially harmful nitrates and nitrites), and ultimately depleting water quality. You can control filamentous algae by utilizing naturally occurring microbes, vacuuming/raking out any mats that are present, and regularly monitoring your water quality to prevent algae overgrowth.
4) Euglena Algae
Euglena, belonging to the family euglenaceae and phyla euglenophyta, contains over 1,000 species and is incredibly diverse and resilient, able to exist in any water body around the world as well as most moist soil types. Typically green or red, this type of algae is often quite alarming – and for good reason. When euglena is present, you typically won’t know it until a bloom occurs, often bright crimson in color. These blooms are incredibly toxic, and will result in fish and vegetation die offs unless brought under control. Unfortunately, most euglena species do not respond to manual or biological controls, so you’ll have to either entirely drain your water body and replace it with fresh water, or utilize chemical products to kill off the bloom. The most effective chemical controls for euglena often contain copper or sodium carbonate. The downside of employing chemical controls, as discussed in previous articles, is the potential to harm the flora and fauna in your lake or pond. There are no known benefits of euglena, other than its presence indicating poor water quality and thus warning that something needs to change.
Chara, or muskgrass, also belongs to the green algae family. This type of alga is often mistaken for a plant because they possess structures that look quite similar to leaves and stems. However, these are not true leaves or stems, nor does it possess reproductive structures (such as ovum or flowers). It’s not known to be overly detrimental to pond health, other than producing a pungent odor similar to that of garlic (giving rise to the name muskgrass!), and, like most algae, being prone to overgrowth. In fact, it’s known as the “filter algae,” as it naturally helps to filter out pollutants and add dissolved oxygen to the water. Muskgrass is commonly consumed by waterfowl and provides habitat for aquatic insects, which are in turn eaten by fish. Their root-like structures, called rhizoids, also help to stabilize the sediment at the water’s bottom, thus preventing murky water.
Is Algae Bad for Ponds, Lakes & Fish?
Overall, algae is natural and should not be immediately treated as a pest, as it’s often essential for proper and healthy ecosystem functioning. Aiding in water oxygenation and purification; providing food for fish, insects, and waterfowl; and offering spawning and shelter sites for fish, depending on the algae species, algae has a myriad of positive benefits. However, the point at which you should consider removing or at least controlling algae growth is when your water quality has diminished and/or you’ve noticed blooms or floating mats upon the water’s surface. To do this, you can try manual removal (rakes, filters, vacuums, etc.), algae-eating fish species like otocinclus catfish or plecostomus, biologic controls that will naturally break down the algae, chemical means (again, these may have adverse impacts on the rest of your pond’s residents as well), incorporating plants that will help to purify the water and soak up any excess nutrients that algae thrive on, or fully draining your pond and refilling it with fresh, clean water.